The Montreal Protocol has been extremely successful in enabling the phase-out of ozone depleting substances (ODS). As a result of these phase-outs, hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) have been commercialized as substitutes for ODS. The HFCs being used as ODS substitutes are powerful greenhouse gases (GHG) with global-warming potentials (GWP) hundreds to thousands of times greater than carbon dioxide (CO2). Recent scientific evidence indicates that HFC emissions alone could account for as much as 45% of all other anthropogenic emissions by 2050, thus eclipsing efforts to redress global warming.